Intrathecal delivery of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in traumatic spinal cord injury: Phase I trial.

Intrathecal delivery of autologous culture-expanded adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSC) could be utilized to treat traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). This Phase I trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03308565) included 10 patients with American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade A or B at the time of injury. The study's primary outcome was the safety profile, as captured by the nature and frequency of adverse events. Secondary outcomes included changes in sensory and motor scores, imaging, cerebrospinal fluid markers, and somatosensory evoked potentials. The manufacturing and delivery of the regimen were successful for all patients. The most commonly reported adverse events were headache and musculoskeletal pain, observed in 8 patients. No serious AEs were observed. At final follow-up, seven patients demonstrated improvement in AIS grade from the time of injection. In conclusion, the study met the primary endpoint, demonstrating that AD-MSC harvesting and administration were well-tolerated in patients with traumatic SCI.

What Factors Predict the Development of Neurologic Deficits Following Resection of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors: A Multi-Center Study.

BACKGROUND: Intramedullary spinal cord tumors are challenging to resect, and their postoperative neurological outcomes are often difficult to predict, with few studies assessing this outcome. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of all patients surgically treated for Intramedullary spinal cord tumors at our multisite tertiary care institution (Mayo Clinic Arizona, Mayo Clinic Florida, Mayo Clinic Rochester) between June 2002 and May 2020. Variables that were significant in the univariate analyses were included in a multivariate logistic regression. "MissForest" operating on the Random Forest algorithm, was used for data imputation, and K-prototype was used for data clustering. Heatmaps were added to show correlations between postoperative neurological deficit and all other included variables. Shapley Additive exPlanations were implemented to understand each feature's importance. RESULTS: Our query resulted in 315 patients, with 160 meeting the inclusion criteria. There were 53 patients with astrocytoma, 66 with ependymoma, and 41 with hemangioblastoma. The mean age (standard deviation) was 42.3 (17.5), and 48.1% of patients were women (n = 77/160). Multivariate analysis revealed that pathologic grade >3 (OR = 1.55; CI = [0.67, 3.58], P = 0.046 predicted a new neurological deficit. Random Forest algorithm (supervised machine learning) found age, use of neuromonitoring, histology of the tumor, performing a midline myelotomy, and tumor location to be the most important predictors of new postoperative neurological deficits. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor grade/histology, age, use of neuromonitoring, and myelotomy type appeared to be most predictive of postoperative neurological deficits. These results can be used to better inform patients of perioperative risk.

An Integrated Voice Recognition and Natural Language Processing Platform to Automatically Extract Thoracolumbar Injury Classification Score Features From Radiology Reports.

BACKGROUND: Many predictive models for estimating clinical outcomes after spine surgery have been reported in the literature. However, implementation of predictive scores in practice is limited by the time-intensive nature of manually abstracting relevant predictors. In this study, we designed natural language processing (NLP) algorithms to automate data abstraction for the thoracolumbar injury classification score (TLICS). METHODS: We retrieved the radiology reports of all Mayo Clinic patients with an International Classification of Diseases, 9th or 10th revision, code corresponding to a fracture of the thoracolumbar spine between January 2005 and October 2020. Annotated data were used to train an N-gram NLP model using machine learning methods, including random forest, stepwise linear discriminant analysis, k-nearest neighbors, and penalized logistic regression models. RESULTS: A total of 1085 spine radiology reports were included in our analysis. Our dataset included 483 compression, 401 burst, 103 translational/rotational, and 98 distraction fractures. A total of 103 reports had documented an injury of the posterior ligamentous complex. The overall accuracy of the random forest model for fracture morphology feature detection was 76.96% versus 65.90% in the stepwise linear discriminant analysis, 50.69% in the k-nearest neighbors, and 62.67% in the penalized logistic regression. The overall accuracy to detect posterior ligamentous complex integrity was highest in the random forest model at 83.41%. Our random forest model was implemented in the backend of a web application in which users can dictate reports and have TLICS features automatically extracted. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed a machine learning NLP model for extracting TLICS features from radiology reports, which we deployed in a web application that can be integrated into clinical practice.

Outcomes following surgical and endovascular treatment of extracranial vertebral artery aneurysms (VAA): a systematic evaluation of the literature.

Extracranial vertebral artery aneurysms are rare complications resulting from trauma and multiple different diseases. However, the difference between clinical and surgical profiles is well understood. To investigate the clinical and interventional outcomes following extracranial vertebral artery aneurysms (VAA) treatment through a systematic review of the literature to date, an electronic database search for full-text English articles was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. The search yielded results on clinical and surgical outcomes for extracranial VAAs. These results included patient-specific risk factors, indications, and techniques. Our literature search resulted in 561 articles, of which 36 studies were qualified to be included in the analysis. A total of 55 patients with multiple various extracranial VAA incidents were included. The mean age of subjects was 42 years (ranging from 13.0 to 76.0 years), and the majority of patients were males (71%, n =39). Blunt trauma was the most frequent risk factor for extracranial VAA formation (35%, n = 19). The majority of aneurysms (60%) were dissected in nature. The most common form of treatment for extracranial VAAs was the use of a flow diverter (24%, n=13). Overall, five (9%) patients had long-term adverse neurological complications following intervention with 5% (n=3) mortality, 2% (n=1) resulting in unilateral vocal cord paralysis, and 2% (n=1) resulted in a positive Romberg sign. The mortality rate is 15.7% in the surgical group, whereas the endovascular treatment did not result in any mortality. The endovascular approach is a safe and effective treatment of extracranial VAAs due to its relatively low overall complication rate and lack of resulting mortality. This is in contrast to the surgical approach which results in a higher rate of complications, recurrence, and mortality outcomes. An understanding of the factors and clinical outcomes associated with the incidence of extracranial VAAs is essential for the future improvement of patient outcomes.

Prediction Model for Neurogenic Bladder Recovery One Year After Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.

INTRODUCTION: Neurogenic bladder is a common complication after spinal cord injury (SCI) that carries substantial burdens on the inflicted individual. The objective of this study is to build a prediction model for neurogenic bladder recovery 1 year after traumatic SCI. METHODS: We queried the National Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems database for patients with traumatic SCI who had neurogenic bladder at the time of injury. The primary outcome of interest was the complete recovery of bladder function at 1 year. Multiple imputations were performed to generate replacement values for missing data, and the final imputed data were used for our analysis. A multivariable odds logistic regression model was developed for complete bladder recovery at 1 year. RESULTS: We identified a total of 2515 patients with abnormal bladder function at baseline who had an annual follow-up. A total of 417 patients (16.6%) recovered bladder function in 1 year. Predictors of complete bladder recovery included the following baseline parameters: sacral sensation, American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment score, bowel function at baseline, voluntary sphincter contraction, anal sensation, S1 motor scores, and the number of days in the rehabilitation facility. The model performed with a discriminative capacity of 90.5%. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a prediction model for the probability of complete bladder recovery 1 year after SCI. The model performed with a high discriminative capacity. This prediction model demonstrates potential utility in the counseling, research allocation, and management of individuals with SCI.

Bariatric surgery reduces odds of perioperative complications after inpatient hysterectomy: Analysis from a national database, 2016 to 2018.

BACKGROUND: Increased body mass index is a known risk factor for increased adverse events post-hysterectomy. The effects of previous bariatric surgery on outcomes after inpatient hysterectomy are not well elucidated. METHODS: The 2016 to 2018 National Inpatient Sample was queried for patients who underwent hysterectomy using International Classification of Disease 10 Procedure Codes before a matched analysis was performed to neutralize the potential confounding effects of comorbidities, body mass index, and age. Patients were divided into the following 2 groups: a case group (those with a history of bariatric surgery) and a control group (those without a history of bariatric surgery). Patients in the respective groups were matched 1:2 by age, Elixhauser comorbidity score, and body mass index at the time of surgery to analyze the risk of complications and mean length of stay. RESULTS: When 1:2 case-control matching was performed, women with a history of bariatric surgery (N = 595) had significantly fewer complications and decreased mean length of stay than the non-bariatric group (N = 1,190), even after controlling for body mass index at the time of hysterectomy. CONCLUSIONS: When matched for age, body mass index, and comorbidity score, patients with previous bariatric surgery had fewer complications and shorter lengths of stay than patients without a history of bariatric surgery. Women with a body mass index ≥40 kg/m2 requiring non-urgent hysterectomy may benefit from undergoing bariatric surgery first.

Alginate hydrogels: A potential tissue engineering intervention for intervertebral disc degeneration.

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a major cause of low back pain and disability, affecting millions of people worldwide. Current treatments for IVD degeneration are limited to invasive surgery or pain management. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the use of biomaterials, such as alginate hydrogels, for the treatment of IVD degeneration. Alginate hydrogels are an example of such a biomaterial that is biocompatible and can be tailored to mimic the native extracellular matrix of the IVD. Derived from alginate, a naturally derived polysaccharide from brown seaweed that can be transformed into a gelatinous solution, alginate hydrogels are emerging in the field of tissue engineering. They can be used to deliver therapeutic agents, such as growth factors or cells, to the site of injury, providing a localized and sustained release that may enhance treatment outcomes. This paper provides an overview on the use of alginate hydrogels for the treatment of IVD degeneration. We discuss the properties of alginate hydrogels and their potential applications for IVD regeneration, including the mechanism against IVD degeneration. We also highlight the research outcomes to date along with the challenges and limitations of using alginate hydrogels for IVD regeneration, including their mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and surgical compatibility. Overall, this review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research on alginate hydrogels for IVD degeneration and to identify future directions for research in this area.

Microfluidic 'brain-on chip' systems to supplement neurological practice: development, applications and considerations.

Among the greatest general challenges in bioengineering is to mimic human physiology. Advanced efforts in tissue engineering have led to sophisticated 'brain-on-chip' (BoC) microfluidic devices that can mimic structural and functional aspects of brain tissue. BoC may be used to understand the biochemical pathways of neurolgical pathologies and assess promising therapeutic agents for facilitating regenerative medicine. We evaluated the potential of microfluidic BoC devices in various neurological pathologies, such as Alzheimer's, glioblastoma, traumatic brain injury, stroke and epilepsy. We also discuss the principles, limitations and future considerations of BoC technology. Results suggest that BoC models can help understand complex neurological pathologies and augment drug testing efforts for regenerative applications. However, implementing organ-on-chip technology to clinical practice has some practical limitations that warrant greater attention to improve large-scale applicability. Nevertheless, they remain to be versatile and powerful tools that can broaden our understanding of pathophysiological and therapeutic uncertainties to neurological diseases.

In this paper, the authors describe the role of microfluidic 'brain-on-chip' systems as a tool to model and study the human brain. While animal studies have provided significant insights, they lack the complexity of human brain tissue in order to verify the effects of drugs on patients, study complex physiological pathways or personalize regenerative therapies. This makes studying diseases of complex human organs challenging. Microfluidics is a field of study that can address these challenges by developing sophisticated and miniaturized devices that can chamber human tissue. These devices could allow scientists to better study diseases on a model that is accurate and controllable, allowing researchers to better understand complex diseases, assess drug efficacy to specific areas of the brain and potentially accelerate the development of new therapies. Herein, we characterize the principles, development and challenges of microfluidics and the role they have served in different neurological diseases.

Peritumoral edema in meningiomas: pathophysiology, predictors, and principles for treatment

Meningiomas is a tumor of the meninges and is among the most common intracranial neoplasms in adults, accounting for over a third of all primary brain tumors in the United States. Meningiomas can be associated with peritumoral brain edema (PTBE) which if not managed appropriately can lead to poor clinical outcomes. In this review, we summarize the relevant pathophysiology, predictors, and principles for treatment of PTBE. The results of various case-reports and case-series have found that meningioma-associated PTBE have patterns in age, tumor size, and hormone receptor positivity. Our study describes how increased age, increased tumor size, tumor location in the middle fossa, and positive expression of hormone receptors, VEGF, and MMP-9 can all be predictors for worse clinical outcomes. We also characterize treatment options for PTBE such as glucocorticoids and VEGF inhibitors along with the ongoing clinical trials attempting to alleviate PTBE in meningioma cases. The trends summarized in this review can be used to better predict the behavior of meningioma-associated PTBE and establish prognosis models to identify at risk patients (AU)

A review of vascular endothelial growth factor and its potential to improve functional outcomes following spinal cord injury.

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) are traumatic events with limited treatment options. Following injury, the lesion site experiences a drastic change to both its structure and vasculature which reduces its ability for tissue regeneration. Despite the lack of clinical options, researchers are investigating therapies to induce neuronal regeneration. Cell-based therapies have long been assessed in the context of SCI to promote neuronal protection and repair. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) not only demonstrates this ability, but also demonstrates angiogenic potential to promote blood vessel formation. While there have been numerous animal studies investigating VEGF, further research is still warranted to pinpoint its role following SCI. This review aims to discuss the literature surrounding the role of VEGF following SCI and its potential in promoting functional recovery.

Central neurocytomas: research trends, most cited papers, and scientometrics analysis to date.

Central neurocytoma is the most common primary intraventricular tumor in adults being classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a benign grade II tumor with a good prognosis. Given the recent advances with regard to this tumor, a bibliometric analysis was due to study the future direction of research for neurocytomas. A comprehensive Elsevier's Scopus database search was performed to capture all published and indexed studies to date relevant to neurocytoma. A discrete set of validated bibliometric parameters were extracted and analyzed on R v4.1.3. A total of 1002 documents were included in our analysis covering a period between 1910 and 2021 (111 years). Around 98.5% of the documents were multi-author publications with a collaboration index (CI) of 4.21. Acta Neuropathologica, The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, and Cancer were the journals to include the highest number of top ten cited articles (2 out of 10 most cited articles, 20%). Switzerland (4 out of 10, 40%) accounted for the country to have the highest number of top 10 most cited articles with the USA (5588 out of 16,395 citations, 34.1%) having the greatest number of citations. Lastly, our analysis reported an annual growth rate of 6.9% for the number of papers produced by year. This is the first bibliometric analysis to study the top 10 most cited articles with regard to neurocytomas. A shift from histopathologic and clinical symptoms towards the treatment and management of the tumor was observed in our analysis.

A Bibliometric and Visual Analysis of the Most Cited Articles on Disc Arthroplasty.

STUDY DESIGN: Bibliometric literature review. OBJECTIVE: Total disc arthroplasty (TDA) is an evolving technique used by surgeons to preserve neural elements and range of motion in patients with degenerative disc disease, spondylosis and more. In comparison to discectomy, disc arthroplasty has been shown to decrease morbidity, reduce adjacent-level disease, and preserve pre-operative range of motion. The objective of this manuscript is to provide a bibliometric analysis of the use of disc arthroplasty in scientific literature and highlight the main contributing authors and their publication characteristics. METHODS: The Scopus database was used to perform a title-specific, keyword-based search for all publications until June 2022. The keyword "total disc arthroplasty" was used. The most-cited 100 articles were selected for analysis. Parameters included the following: title, citation count, citations per year, authors, specialty first author, institution, country of origin, publishing journal, Source Normalized, Impact Per Paper (SNIP), and Hirsch index. RESULTS: Our search on disc arthroplasty yielded 580 articles that were published, with the first publication on the topic found in 1966. The most cited 100 articles received a total of 8694 citations, with an average of 86.94 citations per article. After assessing countries with the greatest contributions, United States, China, and Germany were top 3 with 54, 14, and 7 articles, respectively. CONCLUSION: The bibliometric analysis provides an overview of how medical research is analyzed in academic medicine. In the present study, we evaluated the global trends in disc arthroplasty for the treatment of degenerative disc disease.

Peritumoral edema in meningiomas: pathophysiology, predictors, and principles for treatment.

Meningiomas is a tumor of the meninges and is among the most common intracranial neoplasms in adults, accounting for over a third of all primary brain tumors in the United States. Meningiomas can be associated with peritumoral brain edema (PTBE) which if not managed appropriately can lead to poor clinical outcomes. In this review, we summarize the relevant pathophysiology, predictors, and principles for treatment of PTBE. The results of various case-reports and case-series have found that meningioma-associated PTBE have patterns in age, tumor size, and hormone receptor positivity. Our study describes how increased age, increased tumor size, tumor location in the middle fossa, and positive expression of hormone receptors, VEGF, and MMP-9 can all be predictors for worse clinical outcomes. We also characterize treatment options for PTBE such as glucocorticoids and VEGF inhibitors along with the ongoing clinical trials attempting to alleviate PTBE in meningioma cases. The trends summarized in this review can be used to better predict the behavior of meningioma-associated PTBE and establish prognosis models to identify at risk patients.

Cerebellar Liponeurocytoma: Publication Trends, Scientometrics Analysis, and Critical Review.

BACKGROUND: The literature on cerebellar liponeurocytoma (CL) has never been systematically assessed using bibliometric analytic methodologies. We quantitatively analyzed the major trends and scientific output regarding CL, highlighting potential avenues for research. METHODS: Elsevier's Scopus database was used to collect all published studies relevant to cerebellar liponeurocytoma from 1978 to 2021. The specific bibliometric parameters were extracted and analyzed with R v4.1.2. RESULTS: Our search yielded 108 documents published in 67 sources from 1978 to 2021. The annual growth rate of publications regarding CL has been 7.47% per year since 1978. Journals with the most publications on CL include Clinical Neuropathology and Neurology India (n = 5), followed by Acta Neuropathologica and Journal of Neuro-oncology (n = 4). A total of 529 authors have published on CL and they have been cited 598 times. The 10 most influential authors in the field were determined using their total number of citations and the local H-index. Kleihues P has the highest number of citations (n = 177) with a local H index of 3, followed by Chimelli L with 167 citations and a local H index of 4. Davis DG has 149 citations and a local H index of 3. China had the most single country publications followed by India, Italy, and the USA. France and Austria have the most multiple country publications followed by China, Tunisia, Brazil, United Kingdom, Egypt, and Israel. CONCLUSIONS: Our study is the first bibliometric analysis evaluating the present literature and publication trends in CL. Generally, the current literature has a few studies regarding CL relative to other neuro-oncological pathologies. This can be due to the low incidence of the disease and highlights a need for high volume database studies that can offer high quality evidence on the subject.

R2 advances in robotic-assisted spine surgery: comparative analysis of options, future directions, and bibliometric analysis of the literature.

Spine surgery has undergone rapid advancements over the past several decades with the emergence of robotic and minimally invasive surgery (MIS). While conventional MIS spine surgery has had relative success, its complication profile has warranted continued efforts to improve clinical outcomes. We discuss the functional, clinical, and financial aspects of four robotic options for spinal pathologies, namely ROSA, Mazor X, Da Vinci, and ExcelsiusGPS, and conduct a bibliometric analysis to better understand current trends and applications of these robots as the field of robotic spine surgery continues to grow. An extensive search of English-language published literature on robotic-assisted spinal surgery was performed in Elsevier's Scopus database. A bibliometric analysis was then performed on the top 100 most cited papers. The search yielded articles regarding robotic-assisted spine surgery application, limitations, and functional outcomes secondary to spine pathology. Accuracy analyses of 1733 screw placements were reviewed. The top 100 papers were published between 1992 and 2020, with a significant increase from 2015 onwards. The top publishing institution was John Hopkins University (n = 8). The top contributing author was Dr. Isador H. Lieberman (n = 6). The USA (n = 34) had the most articles on robotic spinal surgery, followed by Germany (n = 12). This review examines robotic applications in spine surgery, including four available options: ROSA, Mazor X, Da Vinci, and ExcelsiusGPS. Publication output over time, surgical outcomes, screw accuracy, and cost-effectiveness of these technologies have been investigated here. Certain robots have functional, clinical, and financial differences worth noting. Given the dearth of existing literature reporting postoperative complications and long-term comparative outcomes, there is a clear need for further studies on this matter.

A Comprehensive Overview of Pediatric Neoplasms at the Craniocervical Junction: Meningiomas, Schwannomas, and Chordomas.

Tumors of the craniocervical junction (CCJ) are complicated pathologies with high patient mortality or low quality of life. In the pediatric population, these tumors are less prevalent, with various symptomatic presentations that include motor and neurological manifestations. Three of the most common neoplasms at the CCJ in children are meningiomas, schwannomas, and chordomas. In this review, we will characterize the tissue biomarkers, clinical presentation, treatment methods, and surgical outcomes for these pediatric tumors at the CCJ. A comprehensive literature review was used using the PubMed Database. Keywords used were "craniocervical junction", "pediatric", "meningiomas", schwannomas", and "meningiomas". Articles that were not related to the CCJ, included only adult cases, and non-English studies were filtered. Our search yielded a total of 11 studies, with a total of 239 pediatric patients with tumors at the CCJ. These studies were broken down as five for meningiomas, one for schwannomas, and eight for chordomas. In conclusion, resection of pediatric neoplasms at the CCJ is challenging due to anatomical limitations and the size of the patient. Within the CCJ, chordomas were the most prevalent tumor type, with schwannomas being the least prevalent. Literature findings indicate that genetic mutations of the NF2 gene associated with neurofibromatosis type II, as well as incomplete tumor resection, are predictors of poor outcomes. Further developments of monoclonal antibody chemotherapy and endoscopic approaches could expand treatment options for aggressive pediatric neoplasms at the skull base.

The Virtual Vision of Neurosurgery: How Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality are Transforming the Neurosurgical Operating Room.

BACKGROUND: In this era of imagination and technological innovation, mixed reality systems such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are contributing to a wide array of neurosurgical care, from the betterment of surgical planning and surgical comfort to novel treatments and improved resident education. These systems can augment procedures that require high-level dexterity such as minimally invasive surgery and tumor excisions, as well as peripheral and neurovascular surgery. We define and compare the technological features, indications, and characterized outcomes of VR and AR systems in the context of neurosurgery through a review of the literature to date. Moreover, this review discusses the limitations of VR and AR and includes an overview of the cost-effectiveness of each of these systems. METHODS: An extensive review of the literature on AR and VR was performed using PubMed, OVID Medline, and Embase from January 1, 2006 to April 2, 2022. Terms used for the search included AR, spinal surgery, VR, and neurosurgery. RESULTS: The search yielded full-text English language-related articles regarding VR and AR application, limitations, and functional outcomes in neurosurgery. An initial set of 121 studies were screened and reviewed for content. Thirteen studies were included, which involved 162 patients, 550 screw placements, 58 phantom spines, and learning points from simulation training of 276 involved residents. CONCLUSIONS: This literature review examines recent research into VR and AR applications in neurosurgical care. The literature establishes that there are technological features, indications, outcomes, limitations, and cost-effectiveness differences between these systems. Based on ongoing and evolving applications of the VR and AR systems, the innovative potential that they make available to the future of neurosurgical patient care makes clear the need for further studies to understand the nuances between their differing technological advances.

Bellevue Hospital, the Oldest Public Health Center in the United States of America.

Bellevue Hospital is known as the oldest public hospital in the United States of America. Although its historical beginnings date back to the 1600s, it was officially founded on the second floor of the New York City Almshouse in 1736, 40 years before the American Revolution. It has since been at the forefront of administering comprehensive patient care and medical education. Moreover, Bellevue has built a reputation for serving homeless, immigrant, or minority populations while also delivering care to United States presidents. This tradition of treating patients regardless of socioeconomic or racial status has made Bellevue one of the most historically renowned hospitals in the country. Today, Bellevue hospital represents a significant branch of the New York City health system and a public health leader. Moreover, it has housed pioneers in neurosurgery, including the father of functional ultrasonic neurosurgery, Dr. Russel Meyers, as well as Dr. Dorothy Klenke Nash, the only active female neurosurgeon in the United States from 1928 to 1960. Herein, we will explore Bellevue's historical and medical significance, from its humble beginnings to its current status as a public health leader.

The Role of Alginate Hydrogels as a Potential Treatment Modality for Spinal Cord Injury: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature.

OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively characterize the utilization of alginate hydrogels as an alternative treatment modality for spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS: An extensive review of the published literature on studies using alginate hydrogels to treat SCI was performed. The review of the literature was performed using electronic databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, and OVID MEDLINE electronic databases. The keywords used were "alginate," "spinal cord injury," "biomaterial," and "hydrogel." RESULTS: In the literature, we identified a total of 555 rat models that were treated with alginate scaffolds for regenerative biomarkers. Alginate hydrogels were found to be efficient and promising substrates for tissue engineering, drug delivery, neural regeneration, and cellbased therapies for SCI repair. With its ability to act as a pro-regenerative and antidegenerative agent, the alginate hydrogel has the potential to improve clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION: The emerging developments of alginate hydrogels as treatment modalities may support current and future tissue regenerative strategies for SCI.

Laser oromaxillofacial photobiomodulation therapy: molecular mechanisms, outcomes and considerations.

Tweetable abstract Photobiomodulation therapy is largely characterized as a safe therapeutic model that can modulate the activity of inflammatory and immune biomarkers while facilitating a metabolic response that can regenerate damaged tissue.